O'Connor TG, Marvin RS, Rutter M, Olrick JT, Britner PA; English and Romanian Adoptees Study Team.
(2003) Child-parent attachment following early institutional deprivation. Dev Psychopathol. 2003 Winter;15(1):19-38.
ABSTRACT Child-parent attachment quality with an adoptive caregiver at age 4 years was examined in a sample of 111 children adopted into the United Kingdom following early severe deprivation in Romania and a comparison group of 52 nondeprived within-United Kingdom adoptees. Findings indicated that, compared with nondeprived adoptees, children who experienced early severe deprivation were less likely to be securely attached and more likely to show atypical patterns of attachment behavior; ordinary forms of insecure attachment were not associated with deprivation. Within the sample of deprived adoptees, there was a dose-response association between duration of deprivation and disturbances in attachment behavior. In addition, a minority of children who experienced severe early deprivation were classified as avoidant, secure, or dependent using conventional classification strategies, despite also exhibiting atypical patterns of attachment behaviors, and this was also more likely among children exposed to prolonged deprivation. The results raise both theoretical and methodological implications for attachment research on very deprived children.
Olio,
Karen and Cornell, William (2000). The Facade of Scientific Documentation: A Case Study
of Richard Ofshe's Analysis of the Paul Ingram Casereprint
request American Psychological Association's journal Psychology,
Public Policy, and Law. Psychology
Osterman
JE
; Hopper J, Heran WJ, Keane TM, van der Kolk BA. (2001)
Boston University School of Medicine,
850 Harrison Ave., Dowling 7 S, Boston, MA 02118, USA. Awareness under anesthesia and the development of
posttraumatic stress disorder. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2001 Jul-Aug;23(4):198-204
ABSTRACT Failure of general anesthesia to
render a patient insensate, termed "awareness," is
estimated to affect between 40,000 and 140,000 patients
in the US each year. This study investigated the occurrence
of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in subjects
who reported a past episode of intraoperative awareness.
We inquired about intraoperative and postoperative
experiences and studied the relationship between various
surgical experiences and currently meeting the diagnosis
of PTSD. Sixteen postawareness subjects and 10 postgeneral
anesthesia controls completed the Clinician Administered
PTSD Scale (CAPS), a standardized clinical rating
scale for PTSD, and a questionnaire about peri-operative
experiences. Nine of 16 subjects (56.3%), a mean of
17.9 postoperative years, and no controls met diagnostic
criteria for current PTSD (X(2)= 8.6, df = 1, P<.01).
Common intraoperative experiences included an inability
to communicate, helplessness, terror, and pain. Postawareness
patients had significant postoperative distress related
to feeling unable to communicate, unsafe, terrified,
abandoned and betrayed. Perioperative dissociative
experiences predicted having current PTSD. Being conscious
during surgery is a traumatic event that may result
in developing chronic PTSD. Further studies should
include prospective designs of prevalence and long-term
psychological, social, and overall health effects,
and ways of preventing and treating awareness-induced
PTSD.
Osuch,
Elizabeth A; Benson, Brenda E; Geraci, Marilla; Podell,
Daniel; Herscovitch, Peter; McCann, Una D; Post, Robert
M. (2001) Regional cerebral blood flow correlated with flashback
intensity in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder.
Biological Psychiatry (ISSN: 0006-3223), v. 50,
no. 4, pp. 246-253 (August 15, 2001).
ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Nuclear imaging studies
have examined cerebral bloodflow (rCBF) in subjects
with PTSD using symptom evocation paradigms. To date,
no such studies have investigated rCBF as related
to subjects' reports of flashback intensity. METHODS:
Subjects with varying traumatic histories and longstanding
PTSD were studied Using [O-15]-H2O positron emission
tomography with an auditory script of their traumatic
event. 8 subjects had three resting scans followed
by their script and additional scans. Heart rate responses
as well as the presence of flashbacks and their intensity,
were recorded. rCBF was correlated with flashback
intensity in each subject's scan. Combined analysis
of all subjects' data yielded common regions related
to the flashback experience. RESULTS: rCBF correlated
directly with flashback intensity in the brainstem,
lingula, bilateral insula, right putamen and left
hippocampal and perihippocampal, somatosensory and
cerebellar regions. Inverse correlations with rCBF
were found in bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal, right
fusiform and right medial temporal cortices. CONCLUSIONS:
This study correlated flashback intensity and rCBF
in a group of patients with chronic PTSD suggesting
involvement of brainstem, and areas associated with
motor control, complex visual/spatial cues and memory.
KEY WORDS: PTSD, trauma provocation, PET, cerebral
perfusion, functional neuroimaging