Gaw, Albert
C. M.D., Qin-zhang Ding, M.D., Ruth E. Levine, M.D. and
Hsiao-feng Gaw, L.I.C.S.W (1998). The
Clinical Characteristics of Possession Disorder Among
20 Chinese Patients in the Hebei Province of China . Psychiatr Serv 49:360-365, March 1998 - China
ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: This paper describes
the clinical characteristics of 20 hospitalized psychiatric
patients in the Hebei province of China who believed
they were possessed. METHODS: A structured interview
focused on clinical characteristics associated with
possession phenomena was developed and administered
to 20 patients at eight hospitals in the province.
All patients had been given the Chinese diagnosis
of yi-ping (hysteria) by Chinese physicians before
being recruited for the study. RESULTS: The subjects'
mean age was 37 years. Most were women from rural
areas with little education. Major events reported
to precede possession included interpersonal conflicts,
subjectively meaningful circumstances, illness, and
death of an individual or dreaming of a deceased individual.
Possessing agents were thought to be spirits of deceased
individuals, deities, animals, and devils. Twenty
percent of subjects reported multiple possessions.
The initial experience of possession typically came
on acutely and often became a chronic relapsing illness.
Almost all subjects manifested the two symptoms of
loss of control over their actions and acting differently.
They frequently showed loss of awareness of surroundings,
loss of personal identity, inability to distinguish
reality from fantasy, change in tone of voice, and
loss of perceived sensitivity to pain. CONCLUSIONS:
Preliminary findings indicate that the disorder is
a syndrome with distinct clinical characteristics
that adheres most closely to the DSM-IV diagnosis
of dissociative trance disorder under the category
of dissociative disorder not otherwise specified.
Gast U, Rodewald,
Frauke; Nickel, Viola; Emrich, Hinderk M. (2001).
Department of Psychiatry
and Psychotherapy, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover,
Germany; Abteilung Neurologie, Fachklinik Rhein-Ruhr,
Essen, Germany. Prevalence of dissociative
disorders among psychiatric inpatients in a German university
clinic. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
(ISSN: 0022-3018), v.189,no.4 pp 249-257(April 2001).
ABSTRACT The aim of the study was to determine
the frequency of dissociative disorders among psychiatric
inpatients in Germany and to investigate the relationship
between childhood trauma and dissociation. The German
version of the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES),
the Fragebogen fur Dissoziative Symptome (FDS), was
used to screen 115 consecutive inpatients admitted
to the psychiatric clinic of a university hospital.
Patients with FDS scores higher than 20 were interviewed
by a trained clinician, using the German translation
of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Dissociative
Disorders (SCID-D-R). The German version of the Childhood
Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) was administered to investigate
prevalence of childhood trauma and relations between
childhood trauma and dissociation in adult life. 25
of the 115 patients (21.7 percent) had a score higher
than 20 on the FDS. Of these, 15 patients were interviewed
with the SCID-D-R. 1 patient was diagnosed with a
dissociative identity disorder, 3 with dissociative
disorders not otherwise specified, and 1 patient with
depersonalization disorder. All diagnoses were confirmed
clinically. A significant positive relationship was
found between the severity of childhood trauma and
dissociation. Dissociative disorders are common among
German psychiatric inpatients. Clinicians who work
in psychiatric inpatient units should be mindful of
these disorders.
Gast U, Rodewald,
Frauke; Kersting, Anette; Emrich, Hinderk M. (2001).
Abteilung Klinische Psychiatrie
und Psychotherapie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover,
Hannover, Germany. Diagnostik und Therapie
Dissoziativer (Identitats-) Storungen = Diagnosis and
therapy of the dissociative (identity) disorder. Psychotherapeut (ISSN: 0935-6185), v. 46, no. 5, pp.
289-300 (September 2001).
ABSTRACT In North America, dissociative disorders
have gained a central position in psychiatric research
of the last 20 years. Their most severe form, the
dissociative identity disorder, has been explored
with utmost thoroughness. The dissociative identity
disorder seems to be a complex posttraumatic disorder
with a central etiological role of sexual traumatizations
in early childhood. Critics, however, expressed their
doubts about the validity of the posttraumatic model
and the psychiatric diagnosis itself. They assume
it to be a matter of the cultural and suggestive impact
of the media and of improper psychotherapy. In the
present article evidence is provided about the arguments
of the socio-cognitive model being scientifically
unsubstantiated. A bulk of empirical results supports
the assumption that dissociative identity disorder
and similar diseases regularly occur both in North
America and Europe, but they are rather rarely diagnosed.
Therefore, it seemes both to make sense and be necessary
to develop diagnostic and treatment programs for dissociative
identity disorders and to promote their implementation.
Gast U, Rodewald F,
Nickel V, Emrich HM. (2001). Prevalence
of dissociative disorders among psychiatric inpatients
in a German university clinic. J Nerv Ment
Dis 2001 Apr;189(4):249-57
ABSTRACT The aim of the study was to determine
the frequency of dissociative disorders among psychiatric
inpatients in Germany and to investigate the relationship
between childhood trauma and dissociation. The German
version of the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES),
the Fragebogen fur Dissoziative Symptome (FDS), was
used to screen 115 consecutive inpatients admitted
to the psychiatric clinic of a university hospital.
Patients with FDS scores higher than 20 were interviewed
by a trained clinician, using the German translation
of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Dissociative
Disorders (SCID-D-R). The German version of the Childhood
Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) was administered to investigate
prevalence of childhood trauma and relations between
childhood trauma and dissociation in adult life. Twenty-five
of the 115 patients (21.7%) had a score higher than
20 on the FDS. Of these, 15 patients were interviewed
with the SCID-D-R. One patient was diagnosed with
a dissociative identity disorder, three with dissociative
disorders not otherwise specified, and one patient
with depersonalization disorder. All diagnoses were
confirmed clinically. A significant positive relationship
was found between the severity of childhood trauma
and dissociation. Dissociative disorders are common
among German psychiatric inpatients. Clinicians who
work in psychiatric inpatient units should be mindful
of these disorders.
Gershuny,
B.S., & Thayer, J.F. (1999). Relations among psychological trauma, dissociative
phenomena, and trauma-related distress: A review and
integration. Clinical Psychology Review, 19, 631-657.
ABSTRACT Recently, there has been a resurgence
of interest in relations among psychological trauma,
dissociative phenomena (DP), and various forms of
trauma-related distress (TRD) that has spawned a prolific
amount of research. This paper provides a comprehensive
review of this research to help summarize and synthesize
recent findings, illuminate study limitations, and
offer suggestions for future research. In general,
findings have revealed fairly strong and consistent
relations among the constructs of trauma, dissociation,
and TRD (e.g., posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD],
borderline personality disorder, bulimia); individuals
who have experienced a traumatic event are more likely
to dissociate than individuals who have not, and individuals
who experience more DP are more likely to also experience
higher levels of TRD. It is theorized here that DP
and subsequent TRD may relate to fears about death
and fears about loss or lack of control above and
beyond the occurrence of the traumatic event itself.
Such fears about death and loss/lack of control may
also help differentiate traumatized individuals who
psychologically suffer to varying degrees. Possible
functions of dissociation in response to trauma and
in relation to forms of TRD are considered and discussed.
Giesbrecht T , Merckelbach H, Geraerts E, Smeets E.(2004). Dissociation in undergraduate students: disruptions in executive functioning.
J Nerv Ment Dis. 2004 Aug;192(8):567-9.
ABSTRACT The concept of dissociation refers to disruptions in attentional control. Attentional control is an executive function. Few studies have addressed the link between dissociation and executive functioning. Our study investigated this relationship in a sample of undergraduate students (N = 185) who completed the Dissociative Experiences Scale and the Random Number Generation Task. We found that minor disruptions in executive functioning were related to a subclass of dissociative experiences, notably dissociative amnesia and the Dissociative Experiences Scale Taxon. However, the two other subscales of the Dissociative Experiences Scale, measuring depersonalization and absorption, were unrelated to executive functioning. Our findings suggest that a failure to inhibit previous responses might contribute to the pathological memory manifestations of dissociation.
Glaser,
Danya (2000). Child Abuse and Neglect and the Brain - A Review
. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (2000),
41:97-116. Cambridge University Press.
ABSTRACT Developmental psychology and the
study of behaviour and emotion have tended to be considered
in parallel to the study of neurobiological processes.
This review explores the effects of child abuse and
neglect on the brain, excluding nonaccidental injury
that causes gross physical trauma to the brain. It
commences with a background summary of the nature,
context, and some deleterious effects of omission
and commission within child maltreatment. There is
no post-maltreatment syndrome, outcomes varying with
many factors including nature, duration, and interpersonal
context of the maltreatment as well as the nature
of later intervention. There then follows a section
on environmental influences on brain development,
demonstrating the dependence of the orderly process
of neurodevelopment on the child's environment. Ontogenesis,
or the development of the self through self-determination,
proceeds in the context of the nature-nurture interaction.
As a prelude to reviewing the neurobiology of child
abuse and neglect, the next section is concerned with
bridging the mind and the brain. Here, neurobiological
processes, including cellular, biochemical, and neurophysiological
processes, are examined alongside their behavioural,
cognitive, and emotional equivalents and vice versa.
Child maltreatment is a potent source of stress and
the stress response is therefore discussed in some
detail. Evidence is outlined for the buffering effects
of a secure attachment on the stress response. The
section dealing with actual effects on the brain of
child abuse and neglect discusses manifestations of
the stress response including dysregulation of the
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and parasympathetic
and catecholamine responses. Recent evidence about
reduction in brain volume following child abuse and
neglect is also outlined. Some biochemical, functional,
and structural changes in the brain that are not reflections
of the stress response are observed following child
maltreatment. The mechanisms bringing about these
changes are less clearly understood and may well be
related to early and more chronic abuse and neglect
affecting the process of brain development. The behavioural
and emotional concomitants of their neurobiological
manifestations are discussed. The importance of early
intervention and attention to the chronicity of environmental
adversity may indicate the need for permanent alternative
caregivers, in order to preserve the development of
the most vulnerable children.
Glisky EL, Ryan L, Reminger S, Hardt O, Hayes SM, Hupbach A.
(2004) A case of psychogenic fugue: I understand, aber ich verstehe nichts.
Neuropsychologia. 2004;42(8):1132-47.
ABSTRACT Psychogenic fugue is a disorder of memory that occurs following emotional or psychological trauma and results in a loss of one's personal past including personal identity. This paper reports a case of psychogenic fugue in which the individual lost access not only to his autobiographical memories but also to his native German language. A series of experiments compared his performance on a variety of memory and language tests to several groups of control participants including German-English bilinguals who performed the tasks normally or simulated amnesia for the German language. Neuropsychological, behavioral, electrophysiological and functional neuroimaging tests converged on the conclusion that this individual suffered an episode of psychogenic fugue, during which he lost explicit knowledge of his personal past and his native language. At the same time, he appeared to retain implicit knowledge of autobiographical facts and of the semantic or associative structure of the German language. The patient's poor performance on tests of executive control and reduced activation of frontal compared to parietal brain regions during lexical decision were suggestive of reduced frontal function, consistent with models of psychogenic fugue proposed by Kopelman [The Handbook of Memory Disorders, 2nd ed., Wiley, Chichester, 2002, p. 451] and Markowitsch [Memory, Consciousness, and the Brain, Psychology Press, Philadelphia, 2000, p. 319].
Gidron,
Yori; Gal, Reuven; Freedman, Sara A; Twiser, Irit; Lauden,
Ari; Snir, Yoram; Benjamin, Jonathan. (2001) Translating research findings to PTSD prevention:
results of a randomized-controlled pilot study. Journal of Traumatic Stress (ISSN: 0894-9867), v.
14, no. 4, pp. 773-780 (October 2001). 5.
ABSTRACT Based on therapeutic studies revealing
positive prognostic factors and on research findings
revealing how trauma is processed, we developed the
memory structuring intervention (MSI) in attempt to
prevent PTSD. The MSI attempts to shift processing
of traumatic memory from uncontrollable somatosensory
and affective processes to more controlled linguistic
and cognitive processes by providing patients organization,
labeling, and causality. In a single-blind randomized-controlled
pilot study, 17 traffic accident victims at risk for
PTSD (heart rate > 94 BPM) were assigned to two MSI
or two supportive-listening control sessions. Three
months later, MSI patients reported significantly
less frequent intrusive, arousal, and total PTSD symptoms
than controls. A replication study with a larger sample
is underway.
Gilbertson,
Mark W.
Martha E. Shenton, Aleksandra Ciszewski, Kiyoto Kasai,
Natasha B. Lasko1, Sott P. Orr1, & Roger K. Pitman (2002)
Smaller hippocampal volume predicts pathologic vulnerability
to psychological trauma Nature Neuroscience: November 2002 Volume 5 Number
11 pp 1242 - 1247
ABSTRACT In animals, exposure to severe stress
can damage the hippocampus. Recent human studies show
smaller hippocampal volume in individuals with the
stress-related psychiatric condition posttraumatic
stress disorder (PTSD). Does this represent the neurotoxic
effect of trauma, or is smaller hippocampal volume
a pre-existing condition that renders the brain more
vulnerable to the development of pathological stress
responses? In monozygotic twins discordant for trauma
exposure, we found evidence that smaller hippocampi
indeed constitute a risk factor for the development
of stress-related psychopathology. Disorder severity
in PTSD patients who were exposed to trauma was negatively
correlated with the hippocampal volume of both the
patients and the patients' trauma-unexposed identical
co-twin. Furthermore, severe PTSD twin pairs—both
the trauma-exposed and unexposed members—had significantly
smaller hippocampi than non-PTSD pairs.
Gleaves,
D.H., Hernandez, E., & Warner, M.S. (1999) Corroborating premorbid dissociative symptomatology
in dissociative identity disorder. Professional Psychology - Research & Practice,
30, 341-345.
ABSTRACT Clinicians are often cautious about
making the diagnosis of Dissociative Identity Disorder
(DID). The existence of corroborating evidence that
symptoms of DID existed prior to assessment may address
concerns about the genuineness of individual cases.
The authors report the results of a survey of clinicians
to determine the frequency of corroboration that clients'
DID symptoms existed prior to being diagnosed or prior
to therapy. On the basis of 446 cases of DID, clinicians
reported some form of corroboration (e.g., reports
from family, medical records) in 73% of cases for
symptoms prior to diagnosis and in 67% of cases for
symptoms prior to therapy
Gold,
Steven N; Elhai, Jon D; Rea, Bayard D; Weiss, Donna;
Masino, Theodore; Morris, Staci Leon; McIninch, Jessica.
(2001) Contextual treatment of dissociative identity disorder:
three case studies Journal of Trauma and Dissociation (ISSN: 1529-9732),
v. 2, no. 4, pp. 5-36 (2001).
ABSTRACT Evidence for the effectiveness of
contextual therapy, a new approach for treating adult
survivors of prolonged child abuse (PCA), is provided
via case studies of three women with Dissociative
Identity Disorder (DID). Contextual therapy is based
on the premise that it is not only traumatic experiences
that account for PCA survivors' psychological difficulties.
Even more fundamentally, many survivors grow up in
an interpersonal context in which adequate resources
for secure attachment and acquisition of adaptive
living skills are not available. As a result, they
are left with lasting deficits that undermine not
only their current functioning, but also their ability
to cope with reliving their traumatic memories in
therapy. The primary focus of this treatment approach,
therefore, is on developing capacities for feeling
and functioning better in the present, rather than
on extensive exploration and processing of the client's
trauma history or, in the case of DID, of identity
fragments. Treatment of the three cases presented
ranged from eight months to two and one-half years'
duration, and culminated in very positive outcomes.
The women's reports of achievements, such as obtaining
and maintaining gainful employment, greater self-sufficiency,
and the establishment of more intimate and gratifying
relationships, indicated marked improvements in daily
functioning. Objective test data obtained at admission
and discharge, and in one case, at follow-up, documented
substantial reductions in dissociative, posttraumatic
stress, depressive, and other symptoms.
Goldberg
RT, Pachas WN, Keith D (1999) Relationship between traumatic events in childhood
and chronic pain. Disabil Rehabil 21(1):23-30 (1999)
ABSTRACT PURPOSE: The purpose was to examine
the relationships between traumatic events in childhood,
such as sexual and physical abuse, alcoholism, and
drug addiction, and three types of chronic pain: facial
pain, myofascial pain, and fibromyalgia. A fourth
group, a heterogeneous group of other pain, was used
as a comparison group. METHOD: Ninety one patients
with chronic pain, age range 20-60, were consecutively
recruited from the outpatient clinics of a rehabilitation
hospital and a general hospital. Patients were given
four measures for completion at evaluation: Childhood
History Questionnaire; Childhood Traumatic Events
Scale; McGill Melzack Pain Questionnaire; Pain Disability
Index. Chi-square was used to test significant differences
among four pain groups on sexual, physical, and verbal
abuse; alcoholism; drug dependence; medications; major
upheaval, childhood illness, death of a family member
or friend, and separation or divorce of parents. Logistic
regression was used to predict membership in the four
pain groups.
RESULTS: All pain groups had a history of abuse exceeding
48%: fibromyalgia, 64.7%; myofascial, 61.9%; facial,
50%; other pain, 48.3%. All groups had a history of
family alcohol dependence exceeding 38%, and a history
of drug dependence ranging from 5.8 to 19.1%. A combined
history of pain, child physical abuse, and alcoholism
was prevalent in 12.9 to 35.3%. Logistic regression
showed patients who were female, with an alcoholic
parent, using non-narcotic drugs were more likely
to be members of the facial, myofascial, and fibromyalgia
groups. CONCLUSIONS: Child traumatic events are significantly
related to chronic pain. Since the problem of child
abuse is broader than physical and sexual abuse, health
and rehabilitation agencies must shift from individualized
treatment to interdisciplinary treatment of the family
and patient.
Goldberg,
L.R. (1999) The curious experiences survey, a revised version
of the Dissociative Experiences Scale: Factor structure,
reliability and relations to demographic and personality
variables. Psychological Assessment, 11, 134-145.
ABSTRACT A revision of the Dissociative Experiences
Scale, including 3 new items and a more user-friendly
item format, was administered to an adult community
sample. Both orthogonal and oblique factor rotations
of from 1 to 5 factors provide evidence of the hierarchical
structure of self-reported dissociative experiences.
Reliabilities are presented for a longer and a shorter
Dissociation scale, and for subscales labeled Depersonalization,
Absorption, and Amnesia. Also provided are the relations
of the total scale and its 3 subscales to gender,
age, and education, as well as to a broad and diverse
set of personality attributes. The frequency of self-reported
dissociative experiences was positively related to
measures of Neuroticism (particularly Depression)
and Imagination, and negatively related to Conscientiousness
(particularly Dutifulness), Agreeableness, and to
a lesser extent age. The Dissociation scales and subscales
were not related to gender, educational level, or
intelligence, nor to vocational interests or self-reported
skills. Three subtle measures of dissociation are
provided.
Golynkina K, Ryle
A (1999) Department of Psychiatry,
Guy's Hospital, London, UK The
identification and characteristics of the partially dissociated
states of patients with borderline personality disorder
. Br J Med Psychol 1999 Dec;72 ( Pt 4):429-45
ABSTRACT A developmental and structural model
of borderline personality disorder is described. Partial
dissociation provoked by trauma and deprivation in
childhood is seen to result in the persistence of
separate self states. The characteristics of these
and alternations between them are seen to account
for the main features of the condition. The identification
and characterization of states through clinical procedures
and the use of the states grid are described and case
illustrations are given. The states identified by
the grid method in a series of 20 borderline patients
are described and classified into six groups, named
abuser rage, victim rage, passive victim, ideal, coping
and zombie. The clinical value and nosological implications
of the model and these findings are briefly discussed.
Goodman GS, Ghetti S, Quas JA, Edelstein RS, Alexander KW, Redlich AD, Cordon IM, Jones DP.(2003) Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA. A prospective study of memory for child sexual abuse: new findings relevant to the repressed-memory controversy.
. Psychol Sci. 2003 Mar;14(2):113-8.
ABSTRACT Previous research indicates that many adults (nearly 40%) fail to report their own documented child sexual abuse (CSA) when asked about their childhood experiences. These controversial results could reflect lack of consciously accessible recollection, thus bolstering claims that traumatic memories may be repressed. In the present study, 175 individuals with documented CSA histories were interviewed regarding their childhood trauma. Unlike in previous studies, the majority of participants (81%) in our study reported the documented abuse. Older age when the abuse ended, maternal support following disclosure of the abuse, and more severe abuse were associated with an increased likelihood of disclosure. Ethnicity and dissociation also played a role. Failure to report CSA should not necessarily be interpreted as evidence that the abuse is inaccessible to memory, although inaccessibility or forgetting cannot be ruled out in a subset of cases.
Grabe HJ, Spitzer
C, Juergen Freyberger H (1999) Relationship
of dissociation to temperament and character in men and
women. Am J Psychiatry 1999 Nov;156(11):1811-3
ABSTRACT This study approaches the question
of nature and nurture of dissociative phenomena. Within
C. R. Cloninger's concept of personality, character
traits are thought to develop in response to environmental
stimuli and conditions during childhood and adolescence,
whereas temperament traits are considered to be genetically
predisposed. The hypothesis is tested that dissociative
symptoms are associated with distinct character traits
but not with temperament dimensions. 191 psychiatric
patients and 41 healthy Ss were evaluated for dissociative
symptoms (Dissociative Experience Scale), temperament
and character (Temperament and Character Inventory),
and current psychopathology (SCL-90-R). Regression
analyses for women and men were calculated separately.
For both genders, the character traits of self-transcendence
and self-directedness were significant and independent
predictors for dissociation. These results support
the hypothesis that dissociative symptoms are caused
by environmental factors and point against a genetic
predisposition in the development of dissociative
symptoms.
Grabe, H.J.; F. Goldschmidt,
L. Lehmkuhl, M. Gänsicke, C. Spitzer, H.J. Freyberger
(1999) Universität
Bonn, Germany Dissociative Symptoms in Obsessive-Compulsive
Dimensions Psychopathology 32:6:1999, 319-324.
ABSTRACT Previous studies have described
co-occurrence between obsessive-compulsive disorder
(OCD) and dissociation. We intended to evaluate the
phenomenological association between different obsessive-compulsive
and dissociative symptoms more precisely. Seventy
patients with OCD (DSM-IV) were evaluated with the
Hamburg Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (HZI) and the
Dissociation Experience Scale. Correlation and discriminant
analysis were performed. The dimensions 'Checking'
and 'Symmetry and Ordering' were significantly related
to dissociative symptomatology. A clear-cut lack of
association was found in 'Washing and Cleaning', 'Counting
and Touching' and 'Aggressive Impulses and Fantasies'.
HZI dimensions significantly discriminated patients
with high from patients with low dissociative symptomatology.
Psychodynamic and therapeutical aspects of these findings
are discussed.
Greyson B (2000)
Department of Psychiatric Medicine,
University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville,
Dissociation in people who have near-death experiences:
out of their bodies or out of their minds? Lancet
2000 Feb 5;355(9202):460-3
ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Some people who come
close to death report having experiences in which
they transcend the boundaries of the ego and the confines
of time and space. Such near-death experiences (NDEs)
share some features with the phenomenon of dissociation,
in which a person's self identity becomes detached
from bodily sensation. This study explored the frequency
of dissociative symptoms in people who had come close
to death. METHODS: 96 individuals who had had self-reported
NDEs, and 38 individuals who had come close to death
but who had not had NDEs completed a mailed questionnaire
that included a measure of "depth" of near-death
experience (the NDE scale) and a measure of dissociative
symptoms (the Dissociative Experiences Scale). Median
scores in the two groups were compared with Mann-Whitney
U tests. The association between depth of NDE and
dissociative symptoms was tested by Spearman's rank-order
correlation between scores on the NDE scale and the
dissociative experiences scale. FINDINGS: People who
reported NDEs also reported significantly more dissociative
symptoms than did the comparison group. Among those
who reported NDEs, the depth of the experience was
positively correlated with dissociative symptoms,
although the level of symptoms was substantially lower
than that of patients with pathological dissociative
disorders. INTERPRETATION: The pattern of dissociative
symptoms reported by people who have had NDEs is consistent
with a non-pathological dissociative response to stress,
and not with a psychiatric disorder. A greater understanding
of the mechanism of dissociation may shed further
light on near-death and other mystical or transcendental
experiences.
Guralnik, Orna -Psy.D.,
James Schmeidler, Ph.D. and Daphne Simeon, M.D. (2000) Feeling Unreal: Cognitive Processes in Depersonalization
Am J Psychiatry 157:103-109, January 2000
ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: Depersonalization disorder
is characterized by a detachment from one's sense
of self and ones surroundings that leads to
considerable distress and impairment yet an intact
testing of reality. Depersonalized individuals often
report difficulties in perception, concentration,
and memory; however, data on their cognitive profiles
are lacking. METHOD: Fifteen patients with depersonalization
disorder were compared to 15 matched normal comparison
subjects on a comprehensive neuropsychological test
battery that assessed cognitive function. RESULTS:
The subjects with depersonalization disorder showed
a distinct cognitive profile. They performed significantly
worse than the comparison subjects on certain measures
of attention, short-term visual and verbal memory,
and spatial reasoning within the context of comparable
intellectual abilities. CONCLUSIONS: The authors propose
that depersonalization involves alterations in the
attentional and perceptual systems, specifically in
the ability to effortfully control the focus of attention.
These early encoding deficits are hypothesized to
have a deleterious effect on the short-term memory
system; they manifest as deficits in the ability to
take in new information but not in the ability to
conceptualize and manipulate previously encoded information.